“Izitshalo eziningi ze-pellet zincane futhi zikwazi ukumelana nomthamo wamathani angu-9 000 ngonyaka. Emuva kwezinkinga zokushoda kwamapayipi ngo-2013 lapho kukhiqizwa amathani alinganiselwa ku-29 000 kuphela, lo mkhakha ukhombise ukukhula ufinyelela kumathani ayi-88 000 ngo-2016 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ufinyelele okungenani amathani ayi-290 000 ngo-2021".

I-Chile ithola amaphesenti angu-23 wamandla ayo ayinhloko ku-biomass. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinkuni zokubasa, uphethiloli osetshenziswa kakhulu ekushisiseni ekhaya kodwa futhi oxhumene nokungcoliswa komoya wendawo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye namafutha e-biomass ahlanzekile futhi asebenza kahle, njengama-pellets, ahamba phambili ngesivinini esihle. UDkt Laura Azocar, umcwaningi eNyuvesi yaseLa Frontera, unikeza ukuqonda ngomongo kanye nesimo samanje sezimakethe nobuchwepheshe obuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kwe-pellet eChile.

NGOKUKA-DR AZOCAR, ukusetshenziswa kwezinkuni njengomthombo wamandla oyinhloko kuyisici esithile saseChile. Lokhu kuhlobene namasiko namasiko ase-Chile, ngaphezu kokuchichima kwe-biomass yehlathi, izindleko eziphezulu zamafutha ezinsalela, nobusika obubandayo nobunezimvula endaweni emaphakathi neningizimu.

Izwe eliyihlathi

Ukuze kulungiswe lesi sitatimende, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi iChile njengamanje inamahlathi angamahektha ayizigidi ezingu-17.5: amaphesenti angu-82 amahlathi emvelo, amaphesenti angu-17 amasimu (ikakhulukazi amaphayini nama-eucalyptus) kanye nephesenti elilodwa lokukhiqiza okuxubile.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi naphezu kokukhula okusheshayo izwe elikutholile, ngenzuzo yamanje yomuntu ngamunye engu-US$21 000 ngonyaka kanye neminyaka ephilwayo iminyaka engama-80, isalokhu ingathuthukisiwe ngokwezinhlelo zokushisisa ekhaya.

Eqinisweni, kuwo wonke amandla asetshenziselwa ukushisisa, amaphesenti angu-81 avela ezinkuni, okusho ukuthi cishe imindeni eyizigidi ezingu-1.7 e-Chile isebenzisa lawa mafutha, afinyelela inani eliphelele elisetshenziswa minyaka yonke lezinkuni ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-11.7 m³.

Ezinye izindlela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu

Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinkuni zokubasa nakho kuxhumene nokungcoliswa komoya eChile. Amaphesenti angu-56 enani labantu, okungukuthi, abantu abasondele ezigidini eziyi-10 bachayeka ekugxilweni konyaka okungu-20 mg ngem³ ye-particulate material (PM) ngaphansi kuka-2.5 pm (PM2.5).

Cishe ingxenye yale PM2.5 ibangelwa ukusha kwezinkuni/Lokhu kungenxa yezinto eziningi ezifana nezinkuni ezomisiwe kahle, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezitofu kanye nokungashisi kahle kwezindlu. Ukwengeza, nakuba ukushiswa kwezinkuni kuthathwa njengokungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon dioxide (C02), ukusebenza kahle okuphansi kwezitofu kusho ukukhishwa kwe-C02 okulingana nalokho okukhishwa uphalafini nezitofu zegesi eliwuketshezi.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukwanda kwamazinga emfundo eChile kuye kwaphumela emphakathini onikezwe amandla kakhudlwana osuqale ukuveza izimfuno ezihlobene nokugcinwa kwamagugu emvelo nokunakekela imvelo.

Kanye nalokhu okungenhla, ukuthuthukiswa kocwaningo olunzulu kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezinsiza zabantu ezithuthukisiwe kwenze izwe lakwazi ukubhekana nalezi zinselele ngokufuna ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinto zokubasa ezintsha ezibhekana nesidingo esikhona sokushisisa ikhaya. Enye yalezi zindlela ezihlukile kube ukukhiqizwa kwama-pellets.

Ukushintsha kwesitofu

Intshisekelo ekusetshenzisweni kwama-pellets e-Chile yaqalwa cishe ngo-2009 phakathi nesikhathi lapho kwaqala khona ukungeniswa kwezitofu nama-boilers avela eYurophu. Kodwa-ke, izindleko eziphezulu zokuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe zibe yinselelo futhi ukuthathwa kwazo kuhamba kancane.

Ukuze kwandiswe ukusetshenziswa kwaso, uMnyango Wezemvelo wethula uhlelo lokushintsha isitofu nobhayela ngo-2012 ezindaweni zokuhlala nezimboni, Ngenxa yalolu hlelo lokucisha, kwafakwa amayunithi angaphezu kuka-4 000 ngo-2012, inani eseliphindeke kathathu ukufakwa kwabanye abakhiqizi bezinto zikagesi bendawo.

Ingxenye yalezi zitofu namabhayela atholakala ezindaweni zokuhlala, amaphesenti angama-28 ezikhungweni zikahulumeni kanye namaphesenti angaba ngu-22 emkhakheni wezimboni.

Hhayi kuphela amapulangwe okhuni

Ama-pellets e-Chile akhiqizwa ikakhulukazi kuphayini we-radiata (Pinus radiata), uhlobo olujwayelekile lokutshala. Ngo-2017, kwakukhona izitshalo ze-pellet ze-32 ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene ezisatshalaliswa ezindaweni eziPhakathi neziseNingizimu yezwe.

- Iningi lezitshalo ze-pellet zincane futhi zinamandla onyaka angamathani angaba ngu-9 000. Ngemuva kwezinkinga zokushoda kwamapayipi ngo-2013 lapho sekukhiqizwe amathani angaba ngu-29 000 kuphela, lo mkhakha usukhombise ukukhula ufinyelela kumathani angu-88 000 ngo-2016 kanti kulindeleke ukuthi ufinyelele okungenani amathani angu-190 000 ngo-2020, kusho uDkt Azocar.

Naphezu kobuningi behlathi lemvelo, lo mphakathi omusha “osimeme” waseChile ukhiqize isithakazelo kosomabhizinisi nabacwaningi ekufuneni ezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza izibaseli ze-biomass eziminyene. KuneZikhungo Zocwaningo Zikazwelonke eziningi kanye namaNyuvesi athuthukise ucwaningo kule ndawo.

ENyuvesi yaseLa Frontera, i-Waste and Bioenergy Management Center, okuyingxenye ye-BIOREN Scientific Nucleus futhi ehlotshaniswa noMnyango Wezobunjiniyela Bamakhemikhali, ithuthukise indlela yokuhlola yokuhlonza imithombo yendawo ye-biomass enamandla amandla.

Ikhoba lehazelnut notshani lukakolweni

Ucwaningo luhlonze ikhoba le-hazelnut njenge-biomass enezici ezingcono kakhulu zokushiswa. Ukwengeza, utshani lukakolweni lugqame ngokuba khona kwawo okuphezulu kanye nomthelela wemvelo odalwa umkhuba ojwayelekile wokushiswa kotshani nezibindi. Ukolweni uyisitshalo esikhulu eChile, utshalwa endaweni engaba ngu-286 000 ha futhi ukhiqiza amathani otshani ayizigidi eziyi-1.8 ngonyaka.

Endabeni yamakhoba e-hazelnut, nakuba le biomass ingasha ngokuqondile, ucwaningo lugxile ekusetshenzisweni kwayo ekukhiqizeni ama-pellet. Isizathu sisekubhekaneni nenselelo yokukhiqiza amafutha aqinile e-biomass avumelana neqiniso lendawo, lapho izinqubomgomo zomphakathi ziholele ekushintsheni kwezitofu zezinkuni esikhundleni sezitofu ze-pellet, ukuze kubhekwane nezinkinga zokungcoliswa komoya wendawo.

Imiphumela ibikhuthaza, okutholwe ekuqaleni kusikisela ukuthi lawa ma-pellets azohambisana nemingcele esungulelwe ama-pellets ofwoody origin ngokusho kwe-ISO 17225-1 (2014).

Endabeni yotshani lukakolweni, kuye kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kokuvunguza ukuze kuthuthukiswe izici ezithile zale biomass njengosayizi ongavamile, ukuminyana kwenqwaba ephansi kanye nenani eliphansi lekhalori, phakathi kokunye.

I-Torrefaction, inqubo yokushisa eyenziwa emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nendawo ngaphansi kwemvelo engangeni, yalungiselelwa le nsalela yezolimo. Imiphumela yokuqala iphakamisa ukukhuphuka okukhulu kwamandla agciniwe kanye nevelu yekhalori ezimweni zokusebenza ezimaphakathi ezingaphansi kuka-150℃.

I-pellet ebizwa ngokuthi i-black pellet ekhiqizwe esikalini somshayeli enale biomass ethuthukisiwe yabonakala ngokuya nge-European standard ISO 17225-1 (2014). Imiphumela yaba yinhle kakhulu, yafinyelela ekunyukeni kokuminyana okubonakalayo ukusuka ku-469 kg nge-m³ kuya ku-568 kg nge-m³ ngenxa yenqubo yokwelashwa kwangaphambili kokuthotshiswa.

Izinselelo ezisalindile kuhloswe ngazo ukuthola ubuchwepheshe bokunciphisa okuqukethwe kwama-microelements kumapellets kakolweni oshisiwe ukuze kuzuzwe umkhiqizo ongangena emakethe kazwelonke, usize ukulwa nezinkinga zemvelo ezithinta izwe.